The use of black box algorithms in medicine has raised scholarly concerns due to their opaqueness and lack of trustworthiness. Concerns about potential bias, accountability and responsibility, patient autonomy and compromised trust transpire with black box algorithms. These worries connect epistemic concerns with normative issues. In this paper, we outline that black box algorithms are less problematic for epistemic reasons than many scholars seem to believe. By outlining that more transparency in algorithms is not always necessary, and by explaining that (...) computational processes are indeed methodologically opaque to humans, we argue that the reliability of algorithms provides reasons for trusting the outcomes of medical artificial intelligence. To this end, we explain how computational reliabilism, which does not require transparency and supports the reliability of algorithms, justifies the belief that results of medical AI are to be trusted. We also argue that several ethical concerns remain with black box algorithms, even when the results are trustworthy. Having justified knowledge from reliable indicators is, therefore, necessary but not sufficient for normatively justifying physicians to act. This means that deliberation about the results of reliable algorithms is required to find out what is a desirable action. Thus understood, we argue that such challenges should not dismiss the use of black box algorithms altogether but should inform the way in which these algorithms are designed and implemented. When physicians are trained to acquire the necessary skills and expertise, and collaborate with medical informatics and data scientists, black box algorithms can contribute to improving medical care. (shrink)

We propose a view of identity beyond the individual in what we call interpersonal interidentities (IIIs). Within this approach, IIIs comprise collections of entangled stabilities that emerge in recurrent social interaction and manifest for those who instantiate them as relatively invariant though ever-evolving patterns of being (or more accurately, becoming) together. Herein, we consider the processes responsible for the emergence of these IIIs from the perspective of an enactive cognitive science. Our proposal hinges primarily on the development of two related (...) notions: enhabiting and coenhabiting. First, we introduce the notion of enhabiting, a set of processes at the individual level whereby structural interdependencies stabilise and thereafter undergird the habits, networks of habits, and personal identities through which we make sense of our experience. Articulating this position we lean on the notion of a tendency towards an optimal grip, though offering it a developmental framing, whereby iterative states of selective openness help realise relatively stable autonomous personal identities with their own norms of self-regulation. We then extend many of the notions found applicable here to an account of social coenhabiting, in particular, we introduce the notion of tending towards a co-optimal grip as central to the development of social habits, networks of habits, and ultimately IIIs. Such structures, we propose, also emerge as autonomous structures with their own norms of self-regulation. We wind down our account with some reflections on the implications of these structures outside of the interactions wherein they come into being and offer some thoughts about the complex animations of the individual embodied subjects that instantiate them. (shrink)

We would like to thank the authors of the commentaries for their critical appraisal of our feature article, Who is afraid of black box algorithms?1 Their comments, suggestions and concerns are various, and we are glad that our article contributes to the academic debate about the ethical and epistemic conditions for medical Explanatory AI. We would like to bring to attention a few issues that are common worries across reviewers. Most prominently are the merits of computational reliabilism —in particular, when (...) promoted as an alternative to transparency—and CR as necessary but not sufficient for delivering trust. We finalise our response by addressing concerns about the place and role of artificial intelligence in medical decision-making and the physician’s responsibilities. We understand the concerns and reservations that some of the reviewers express regarding the epistemic merits of CR. We believe that, in part, this is due to a practice too deeply rooted in transparency. But on …. (shrink)

En su obra dedicada al estudio de Hegel, el filósofo canadiense Charles Taylor establece una estrecha relación entre los modos de argumentación y el propósito del filósofo de Jena y pensadores contemporáneos como Heidegger, Wittgenstein y Merleau-Ponty. Según Taylor, las obras de estos filósofos son cruciales para escapar del hechizo que ha impuesto la epistemología moderna. A pesar de las similitudes, la convergencia está limitada por el expresionismo racionalista de la metafísica hegeliana, irreconciliable con la crítica anti-epistemológico que caracteriza a (...) estos otros autores. (shrink)

The metaphysical-epistemological paradigm has ceased to be of actuality in contemporary culture. This does not mean that its falsity has been shown. Such an affirmation would imply that there is something like the truth, from which now, finally, the inanity of this paradigm can be claimed. The Rortian hermeneutics,with his pragmatic-ironic character, cannot justify this consideration. Taking into account Rorty’s criticism to ‘Platon-Kant canon’, and after analysing the Rortian ironic canon, and focusing on Rorty’s pan-relationism theory, I will discuss in (...) this contribution whether there are or not some ontological suppositions in Rortianhermeneutics. I will situate in the middle of this debate the contingency and freedom categories with the background of Gadamer’s hermeneutical ontology. The projection of this theoretical debate on the political space of contemporary advanced democracies will show the practical-political importance of hermenutics. (shrink)

The traditional way of understanding life, as a self-appropriating and self-organizing process of not ceasing to exist, of taking care of one's own hunger, is challenged by today's unprecedented proliferation of discourses and techniques concerning the living being. This challenge entails questioning the fundamental concepts of metaphysical thinking--namely, time, finality, and, above all, being. Garrido argues that today we are in a position to repeat Nietzsche's assertion that there is no other representation of "being" than that of "living." But in (...) order to carry out this deconstruction of ontology, we need to find new ways of asking: What is life? In this study, Garrido establishes the basic elements of the question concerning life through readings of Aristotle, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Derrida; through the discussion of scientific breakthroughs in thermodynamics and evolutionary and developmental biology; and through the reexamination of the notion of hunger in both its metaphysical and its political implications. (shrink)

This book addresses key conceptual issues relating to the modern scientific and engineering use of computer simulations. It analyses a broad set of questions, from the nature of computer simulations to their epistemological power, including the many scientific, social and ethics implications of using computer simulations. The book is written in an easily accessible narrative, one that weaves together philosophical questions and scientific technicalities. It will thus appeal equally to all academic scientists, engineers, and researchers in industry interested in questions (...) related to the general practice of computer simulations. (shrink)

Las versiones hermenéuticas de la identidad que defienden autores como Alasdair MacIntyre, Charles Taylor y Paul Ricoeur, se enfrentan a otras versiones Hermenéuticas como la Richar Rorty, quien se adhieren a una noción de contingencia radical; y a ciertas concepciones reduccionistas de la tradición analítica, como las defendidas por Derek Parfit, quien pretenden explicar la identidad humana sobre la base exclusiva de acontecimientos impersonales. Pese a las coincidencias entre las posiciones de Rorty y Parfit en lo que respecta a su (...) enfrentamiento a las ontologías positivas, sus posiciones no son equiparables. De la noción de contingencia radical de la identidad humana, Rorty pretende extraer consecuencias éticas para determinar el estatuto de los agentes. Parfit, en cambio, utiliza su “descubrimiento” para separar de modo radical la supuesta conexión entre identidad y moralidad. La pretensión del autor oxoniense de establecer paralelismos entre su versión utilitarista basada en la indeterminación y la vacuidad de nuestra identidad y la noción budista de “no-yo”, nos obliga a abordar críticamente las posturas reduccionistas y no reduccionistas de dicha tradición. (shrink)

This article aims to develop a new account of scientific explanation for computer simulations. To this end, two questions are answered: what is the explanatory relation for computer simulations? And what kind of epistemic gain should be expected? For several reasons tailored to the benefits and needs of computer simulations, these questions are better answered within the unificationist model of scientific explanation. Unlike previous efforts in the literature, I submit that the explanatory relation is between the simulation model and the (...) results of the simulation. I also argue that our epistemic gain goes beyond the unificationist account, encompassing a practical dimension as well. (shrink)

El artículo analiza el problema de los mundos humanos a partir del concepto de mundo circundante que J. von Uexküll plantea para pensar la existencia animal. En este sentido, introduce dicho concepto biológico y sus implicancias, reconstruye las interpretaciones y críticas que se le formulan en la antropología filosófica alemana de principios del siglo XX, y defiende la idea según la cual, desde un horizonte arqueológico, habría una oposición correlativa entre el Umwelt biológico y las ideas filosóficas de mundo humano (...) previamente tematizadas. (shrink)

The main concern of this article is Weber's antagonism with respect to materialism and the distance or affinity between Marx's and Weber's standpoints. It focuses on two interconnected issues: the social and political role of religion and the emergence of modern capitalism. These two points are justified because of their strategic importance and because, with them, Weber's distance with respect to materialism apparently reaches its zenith. Through them, this text attempts to expose the main features of the controversy between Marxism (...) and Weberianism, evaluating the alternatives on the matter offered by different perspectives. Key Words: capitalism • Karl Marx • materialism • Protestant ethic • rationalism • religion • Max Weber. (shrink)

The Adoption Problem (AP) was a postponed issue for some years (Kripke, 2024; Padró, 2015; Birman, 2024). This problem highlights certain difficulties surrounding the adoption of rules of inference: If anti-exceptionalism is wrong, is it possible to adopt an alternative logic? What is the point of the revision of logic in epistemology? During 2022 Kripke, Padró and Barrio held seminars on AP. The latter two edited the first thematic section on this subject in the journal Análisis Filosófico. It contains “What (...) the Adoption Problem Does Not Show” by Camilo Fiore, subject of this critical note, in which Fiore holds two theses: 1) AP is compatible with the thesis that logica utens is revisable; 2) to assess whether an agent can revise their logic, it is best to consider a different definition of adoption, e.g. weak adoption, according to which Universal Instantiation and Modus Ponens are sometimes adoptable. It then states that (1) and (2) are independent. In this article I will criticize the independence between (1) and (2). To this end, I will point out that thesis (1) and (2) are supported by the examples of Carrie and Barry, respectively, and that the type of logical revision involved in both is the same and local. Therefore, (1) and (2) are not independent. Next, I argue that it is impossible to satisfy another kind of logical revision, e.g. global revision. Therefore, the interdependence between (1) and (2) is not due to the examples proposed. (shrink)

El objeto de este artículo es mostrar las similitudes que existen entre el estructuralismo metateórico sneedeano y la que considero es la propuesta teórica más desarrollada del estructuralismo francés, la teoría antropológica de Claude Lévi-Strauss, en particular, su teoría de los sistemas elementales de parentesco. Aunque entre el estructuralismo francés de Lévi-Strauss y el estructuralismo metateórico sneedeano sólo existe, como diría Wittgenstein, un “aire de familia”, sin embargo, quiero mostrar que gracias al trabajo algebraico de André Weil y, en particular, (...) a su clarificación de la noción de estructura, existe un “puente” entre la propuesta teórica de Lévi-Strauss y la metateórica del estructuralismo inaugurada por J. D. Sneed en 1971 con la publicación de su libro The logical structure of mathematical physics. (shrink)

En este trabajo, analizamos dos perspectivas acerca del problema de la dominación: por un lado, la de Deleuze y Guattari, a partir de su recuperación crítica del pensamiento de Reich en El Anti-Edipo y sobre la base de una referencia previa a Spinoza y el problema de la expresión, ensayo de Gilles Deleuze «en solitario»; por el otro, la de Bruno Latour, articulando su planteo en «La tecnología es la sociedad hecha para que dure» con los desarrollos posteriores de Reensamblar (...) lo social. Pondremos de relieve que ambas perspectivas cuestionan el modelo tradicional del «pensamiento crítico» al tiempo que se sitúan por fuera de todo dualismo y piensan, cada una a su manera, en términos de grupo antes que de individuo. Creemos que, gracias a su cruce, estaremos en condiciones de hallar ciertos elementos clave que nos permitirán hacer frente de mejor forma a los desafíos sociales del siglo XXI. (shrink)

En este ensayo se examina de manera crítica el desarrollo de la filosofía analítica y, en particular, de la filosofía analítica latinoamericana. Se propone que esta última adopte un giro político y uno pedagógico con el fin de recuperar su espíritu original y reconectarse con la tradición intelectual latinoamericana. This essay is a critical examination of the development of analytic philosophy and, in particular, of Latin American analytic philosophy. It is argued that the latter ought to adopt a political and (...) pedagogical turn in order to recover its original spirit and to be reconnected to Latin American intelectual tradition. (shrink)

The article develops the different meanings of the Simondonian idea of the transindividual, reconstructs the different interpretations that have been made about it, and considers its potentiality to think contemporary phenomena. For this, first, it points out the uses of the term transindividual before Simondon’s conceptualization of it. Second, it analyzes the definitions of the concept that appear in his doctoral theses of 1958 and distinguishes his different senses. Third, it reconstructs the contemporary debate about the transindividual and defines three (...) moments. Finally, it concludes by reflecting on the philosophical and epistemological potentiality of the idea of the transindividual to think about complex processes marked by the association of technological, psychosocial, and ethical-political dimensions. (shrink)

Presentamos algunas ideas acerca de la relación entre libertad y contingencia atendiendo a sus componentes modales. Nuestra idea central es que la libertad es posible gracias a la contingencia, pero este hecho no es gratuito. En efecto, trataremos de mostrar que si bien la contingencia es básica para la libertad, esto mismo no es contingente. Pues si la contingencia misma no fuera necesaria, no podría fundamentar la libertad. Así que la contingencia misma puede recibir calificaciones modales.

Presentamos algunas ideas de autores medievales acerca de las oraciones cuyo sujeto carece de referente, y si dichas oraciones. Los autores tratados son nominalistas del siglo xiv: Guillermo de Ockham, Alberto de Sajonia y Juan Buridan; y el realista moderado Vicente Ferrer. Luego abordamos a dos novohispanos, Alonso de la Veracruz y Tomás de Mercado, que están inmersos en la tradición medieval.

Enhancement-line human genetic engineering has recurrently been targeted for bioethical discussion and is usually illustrated by examples alluding to a genetic technology that is far beyond our current possibilities. By discussing an ambitious project related to solid tumor cancers – multidrug resistance – the present paper places the question on a more realistic plane and draws bioethical conclusions to serve as guidelines in the field. The paper also establishes the inadequacy of the prevalent concept of genetic medicine as one of (...) substitution. (shrink)

El propósito del presente trabajo es ofrecer una contextualización de “Las implicancias del pragmatismo para la educación”, que traducimos en este número de la revista. El artículo está compuesto de tres partes que John Dewey escribe en diciembre de 1908, febrero y marzo de 1909. Nuestra hipótesis interpretativa es que este texto es fundamental en dos sentidos: en primer lugar, para entender los lazos de Dewey con la tradición pragmatista; en segundo lugar, para comprender su conceptualización del vínculo entre pragmatismo (...) y educación. (shrink)